Overview
- Active ingredient
- Fidaxomicin
- Established class
- Macrolide Antibacterial
- Chemical structure
- Macrolides
- Route
- Oral
- Label date
- 2026-02-13
Indications and usage
Fidaxomicin tablets are a macrolide antibacterial indicated in adult patients for the treatment of C. difficile -associated diarrhea. ( 1.1 ) To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of fidaxomicin tablets and other antibacterial drugs, fidaxomicin tablets should be used only to treat infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by C. difficile. ( 1.2 )
1.1 Clostridioides difficile -Associated Diarrhea Fidaxomicin tablets are indicated in adult patients for the treatment of C. difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD).
1.2 Usage To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of fidaxomicin tablets and other antibacterial drugs, fidaxomicin tablets should be used only to treat infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by C. difficile. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy. Pediatric use information is approved for Cubist Pharmaceuticals LLC's DIFICID ® (fidaxomicin) tablets. However, due to Cubist Pharmaceuticals LLC's marketing exclusivity rights, this drug product is not labeled with that information.
Dosage and administration
Fidaxomicin tablets are administered orally with or without food. ( 2.1 ) Adults One 200 mg tablet orally twice daily for 10 days. ( 2.2 )
2.1 Important Administration Instructions Fidaxomicin tablets are available for oral administration as 200 mg tablets. Fidaxomicin tablets are administered orally with or without food.
2.2 Adult Patients The recommended dosage for adults is one 200 mg fidaxomicin tablet orally twice daily for 10 days. Pediatric use information is approved for Cubist Pharmaceuticals LLC's DIFICID ® (fidaxomicin) tablets. However, due to Cubist Pharmaceuticals LLC's marketing exclusivity rights, this drug product is not labeled with that information.
Dosage forms and strengths
200 mg white to off-white, capsule shape, biconvex film-coated tablet. Engraved “F200” on one side, “APO” on the other side. Film-coated tablets: 200 mg ( 3 )
Contraindications
Fidaxomicin tablets are contraindicated in patients who have known hypersensitivity to fidaxomicin or any other ingredient in fidaxomicin tablets [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 )]. Fidaxomicin tablets are contraindicated in patients who have known hypersensitivity to fidaxomicin or any other ingredient in fidaxomicin tablets. ( 4 )
Warnings and precautions
5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS Acute hypersensitivity reactions (angioedema, dyspnea, pruritus, and rash) have been reported. If a severe hypersensitivity reaction occurs, discontinue fidaxomicin tablets. ( 5.1 ) Fidaxomicin tablets is not expected to be effective for the treatment of other types of infections due to minimal systemic absorption of fidaxomicin. Fidaxomicin tablets should only be used for the treatment of C. difficile -associated diarrhea. ( 5.2 ) Development of drug-resistant bacteria: Only use fidaxomicin tablets for infection proven or strongly suspected to be caused by C. difficile. ( 5.3 )
5.1 Hypersensitivity Reactions Acute hypersensitivity reactions, including dyspnea, rash, pruritus, and angioedema of the mouth, throat, and face have been reported with fidaxomicin tablets. If a severe hypersensitivity reaction occurs, fidaxomicin tablets should be discontinued and appropriate therapy should be instituted. Some patients with hypersensitivity reactions to fidaxomicin tablets also reported a history of allergy to other macrolides. Physicians prescribing fidaxomicin tablets to patients with a known macrolide allergy should be aware of the possibility of hypersensitivity reactions.
5.2 Not for Use in Infections Other than C. difficile -Associated Diarrhea Fidaxomicin tablets are not expected to be effective for the treatment of other types of infections due to minimal systemic absorption of fidaxomicin [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )]. Fidaxomicin tablets have not been studied for the treatment of infections other than CDAD. Fidaxomicin tablets should only be used for the treatment of CDAD.
5.3 Development of Drug-Resistant Bacteria Prescribing fidaxomicin tablets in the absence of proven or strongly suspected C. difficile infection is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient and increases the risk of the development of drug-resistant bacteria.
Drug interactions
Fidaxomicin and its main metabolite, OP-1118, are substrates of the efflux transporter, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), which is expressed in the gastrointestinal tract.
7.1 Cyclosporine Cyclosporine is an inhibitor of multiple transporters, including P-gp. When cyclosporine was co-administered with fidaxomicin tablets, plasma concentrations of fidaxomicin and OP-1118 were significantly increased but remained in the ng/mL range [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )]. Concentrations of fidaxomicin and OP-1118 may also be decreased at the site of action (i.e., gastrointestinal tract) via P-gp inhibition; however, concomitant P-gp inhibitor use had no attributable effect on safety or treatment outcome of fidaxomicin-treated adult patients in controlled clinical trials. Based on these results, fidaxomicin may be co-administered with P-gp inhibitors and no dose adjustment is recommended.
Adverse reactions
The most common adverse reactions in adults (incidence ≥2%) are nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, anemia, and neutropenia. ( 6 ) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Apotex Corp., at 1-800-706-5575 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch .
6.1 Clinical Trials Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. Adults The safety of fidaxomicin 200 mg tablets taken twice a day for 10 days was evaluated in 564 adult patients with CDAD in two active-controlled trials with 86.7% of patients receiving a full course of treatment. Thirty-three adult patients receiving fidaxomicin tablets (5.9%) withdrew from trials as a result of adverse reactions (AR). The types of AR resulting in withdrawal from the study varied considerably. Vomiting was the primary adverse reaction leading to discontinuation of dosing; this occurred at an incidence of 0.5% in both the fidaxomicin tablets and vancomycin patients in Phase 3 trials. The most common selected adverse reactions occurring in ≥2% of adult patients treated with fidaxomicin tablets are listed in Table 2. Table 2: Selected Adverse Reactions with an Incidence of ≥2% Reported in Fidaxomicin-Treated Adult Patients in Controlled Trials System Organ Class Adverse Reaction Fidaxomicin (N=564) Vancomycin (N=583) n (%) n (%) Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders Anemia 14 (2%) 12 (2%) Neutropenia 14 (2%) 6 (1%) Gastrointestinal Disorders Nausea 62 (11%) 66 (11%) Vomiting 41 (7%) 37 (6%) Abdominal Pain 33 (6%) 23 (4%) Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage 20 (4%) 12 (2%) The following adverse reactions were reported in <2% of adult patients taking fidaxomicin tablets in controlled trials: Gastrointestinal Disorders: abdominal distension, abdominal tenderness, dyspepsia, dysphagia, flatulence, intestinal obstruction, megacolon Investigations: increased blood alkaline phosphatase, decreased blood bicarbonate, increased hepatic enzymes, decreased platelet count Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders: hyperglycemia, metabolic acidosis Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders: drug eruption, pruritus, rash 6.2 Post Marketing Experience The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of fidaxomicin tablets. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. Hypersensitivity reactions (dyspnea, angioedema, rash, pruritus) Pediatric use information is approved for Cubist Pharmaceuticals LLC's DIFICID ® (fidaxomicin) tablets. However, due to Cubist Pharmaceuticals LLC's marketing exclusivity rights, this drug product is not labeled with that information.
Overdosage
No cases of acute overdose have been reported in humans. No drug-related adverse effects were seen in dogs dosed with fidaxomicin tablets at 9,600 mg/day (over 100 times the human dose, scaled by weight) for 3 months.
Use in specific populations
Pediatrics: The safety and effectiveness of fidaxomicin tablets have not been established in pediatric patients younger than 6 months of age. ( 8.4 ) Pediatric use information is approved for Cubist Pharmaceuticals LLC's DIFICID ® (fidaxomicin) tablets. However, due to Cubist Pharmaceuticals LLC's marketing exclusivity rights, this drug product is not labeled with that information.
8.1 Pregnancy Risk Summary The limited available data on use of fidaxomicin tablets in pregnant women are insufficient to inform any drug-associated risk for major birth defects, miscarriage or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. Embryo-fetal reproduction studies in rats and rabbits dosed intravenously during organogenesis revealed no evidence of harm to the fetus at fidaxomicin and OP-1118 (its main metabolite) exposures 65-fold or higher than the clinical exposure at the fidaxomicin tablets recommended dose [see Data]. The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated populations is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively. Data Animal Data In pregnant rats, fidaxomicin was administered intravenously at doses of 4, 8, and 15 mg/kg/day from gestation day 6 through 17 (during the period of organogenesis). No embryo/fetal effects were noted in this study at exposures (AUC) 193-fold higher for fidaxomicin, and 65-fold higher for OP-1118 than the clinical exposure at the fidaxomicin tablets recommended dose. In pregnant rabbits, fidaxomicin was administered intravenously at doses of 2, 4, and 7.5 mg/kg/day from gestation day 6 through 18 (during the period of organogenesis). No embryo/fetal effects were noted in this study at exposures 66-fold higher for fidaxomicin, and 245-fold higher for OP-1118 than the clinical exposure at the fidaxomicin tablets recommended dose.
8.2 Lactation Risk Summary There is no information on the presence of fidaxomicin or its main metabolite, OP-1118, in human milk, the effects on the breastfed infant, or the effects on milk production. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for fidaxomicin tablets and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from fidaxomicin tablets or from the underlying maternal condition.
8.4 Pediatric Use The safety and effectiveness of fidaxomicin tablets have not been established in pediatric patients younger than 6 months of age. Pediatric use information is approved for Cubist Pharmaceuticals LLC's DIFICID ® (fidaxomicin) tablets. However, due to Cubist Pharmaceuticals LLC's marketing exclusivity rights, this drug product is not labeled with that information.
8.5 Geriatric Use Of the total number of patients in controlled trials of fidaxomicin tablets, 50% were 65 years of age and over, while 31% were 75 and over. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness of fidaxomicin tablets compared to vancomycin were observed between these subjects and younger subjects. In controlled trials, elderly patients (≥65 years of age) had higher plasma concentrations of fidaxomicin and its main metabolite, OP-1118, versus non-elderly patients (<65 years of age) [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )]. However, greater exposures in elderly patients were not considered to be clinically significant. No dose adjustment is recommended for elderly patients.
Pregnancy
Risk Summary The limited available data on use of fidaxomicin tablets in pregnant women are insufficient to inform any drug-associated risk for major birth defects, miscarriage or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. Embryo-fetal reproduction studies in rats and rabbits dosed intravenously during organogenesis revealed no evidence of harm to the fetus at fidaxomicin and OP-1118 (its main metabolite) exposures 65-fold or higher than the clinical exposure at the fidaxomicin tablets recommended dose [see Data]. The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated populations is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively. Data Animal Data In pregnant rats, fidaxomicin was administered intravenously at doses of 4, 8, and 15 mg/kg/day from gestation day 6 through 17 (during the period of organogenesis). No embryo/fetal effects were noted in this study at exposures (AUC) 193-fold higher for fidaxomicin, and 65-fold higher for OP-1118 than the clinical exposure at the fidaxomicin tablets recommended dose. In pregnant rabbits, fidaxomicin was administered intravenously at doses of 2, 4, and 7.5 mg/kg/day from gestation day 6 through 18 (during the period of organogenesis). No embryo/fetal effects were noted in this study at exposures 66-fold higher for fidaxomicin, and 245-fold higher for OP-1118 than the clinical exposure at the fidaxomicin tablets recommended dose.
Pediatric use
The safety and effectiveness of fidaxomicin tablets have not been established in pediatric patients younger than 6 months of age. Pediatric use information is approved for Cubist Pharmaceuticals LLC's DIFICID ® (fidaxomicin) tablets. However, due to Cubist Pharmaceuticals LLC's marketing exclusivity rights, this drug product is not labeled with that information.
Geriatric use
Of the total number of patients in controlled trials of fidaxomicin tablets, 50% were 65 years of age and over, while 31% were 75 and over. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness of fidaxomicin tablets compared to vancomycin were observed between these subjects and younger subjects. In controlled trials, elderly patients (≥65 years of age) had higher plasma concentrations of fidaxomicin and its main metabolite, OP-1118, versus non-elderly patients (<65 years of age) [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )]. However, greater exposures in elderly patients were not considered to be clinically significant. No dose adjustment is recommended for elderly patients.
Description
Fidaxomicin tablets (fidaxomicin) is a macrolide antibacterial drug for oral administration. Its CAS chemical name is Oxacyclooctadeca-3,5,9,13,15-pentaen-2-one, 3-[[[6-deoxy-4- O -(3,5-dichloro-2-ethyl-4,6-dihydroxybenzoyl)-2- O -methyl-β-D-mannopyranosyl]oxy]methyl]-12-[[6-deoxy-5- C -methyl-4- O -(2-methyl-1-oxopropyl)-β-D- lyxo -hexopyranosyl]oxy]-11-ethyl-8-hydroxy-18-[(1 R )-1-hydroxyethyl]-9,13,15-trimethyl-,(3 E ,5 E ,8 S ,9 E ,11 S ,12 R ,13 E ,15 E ,18 S )-.The structural formula of fidaxomicin is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: Structural Formula of Fidaxomicin Fidaxomicin tablets are film-coated and contain 200 mg of fidaxomicin per tablet and the following inactive ingredients: butylated hydroxytoluene, hydroxypropyl cellulose, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, pregelatinized starch, sodium starch glycolate, talc, and titanium dioxide.
Clinical pharmacology
12.1 Mechanism of Action Fidaxomicin is an antibacterial drug [see Microbiology ( 12.4 )].
12.2 Pharmacodynamics Fidaxomicin acts locally in the gastrointestinal tract on C. difficile. In a dose-ranging trial (N=48) of fidaxomicin using 50 mg, 100 mg, and 200 mg twice daily for 10 days, a dose-response relationship was observed for efficacy.
12.3 Pharmacokinetics The pharmacokinetic parameters of fidaxomicin and its main metabolite OP-1118 following a single dose of 200 mg in healthy adult males (N=14) are summarized in Table 4. Table 4: Mean (± Standard Deviation) Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Fidaxomicin 200 mg in Healthy Adult Males Parameter Fidaxomicin OP- 1118 N Value N Value C max (ng/mL) 14 5.20 ± 2.81 14 12.0 ± 6.06 T max (h)* 14 2.00 (1.00-5.00) 14 1.02 (1.00-5.00) AUC 0-t (ng-h/mL) 14 48.3 ± 18.4 14 103 ± 39.4 AUC 0-∞ (ng-h/mL) 9 62.9 ± 19.5 10 118 ± 43.3 t 1/2 (h) 9 11.7 ± 4.80 10 11.2 ± 3.01 * T max , reported as median (range). C max , maximum observed concentration; T max , time to maximum observed concentration; AUC 0-t , area under the concentration-time curve from time 0 to the last measured concentration; AUC 0-∞, area under the concentration-time curve from time 0 to infinity; t 1/2 , elimination half-life Absorption Fidaxomicin has minimal systemic absorption following oral administration, with plasma concentrations of fidaxomicin and OP-1118 in the ng/mL range at the therapeutic dose. In fidaxomicin-treated patients from controlled trials, plasma concentrations of fidaxomicin and OP-1118 obtained within the T max window (1 to 5 hours) were approximately 2- to 6-fold higher than C max values in healthy adults. Following administration of fidaxomicin tablets 200 mg twice daily for 10 days, OP-1118 plasma concentrations within the T max window were approximately 50%-80% higher than on Day 1, while concentrations of fidaxomicin were similar on Days 1 and 10. In a food-effect study involving administration of fidaxomicin tablets to healthy adults (N=28) with a high-fat meal versus under fasting conditions, C max of fidaxomicin and OP-1118 decreased by 21.5% and 33.4%, respectively, while AUC 0-t remained unchanged. This decrease in C max is not considered clinically significant, and thus, fidaxomicin tablets may be administered with or without food. Distribution Fidaxomicin is mainly confined to the gastrointestinal tract following oral administration. In selected patients (N=8) treated with fidaxomicin tablets 200 mg twice daily for 10 days from controlled trials, fecal concentrations of fidaxomicin and OP-1118 obtained within 24 hours of the last dose ranged from 639 to 2,710 mcg /g and 213 to 1,210 mcg/g, respectively. In contrast, plasma concentrations of fidaxomicin and OP-1118 within the T max window (1 to 5 hours) ranged 2 to 179 ng/mL and 10 to 829 ng/mL, respectively. Elimination Metabolism Fidaxomicin is primarily transformed by hydrolysis at the isobutyryl ester to form its main and microbiologically active metabolite, OP-1118. Metabolism of fidaxomicin and formation of OP-1118 are not dependent on cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. At the therapeutic dose, OP-1118 was the predominant circulating compound in healthy adults, followed by fidaxomicin. Excretion Fidaxomicin is mainly excreted in feces. In one trial of healthy adults (N=11), more than 92% of the dose was recovered in the stool as fidaxomicin and OP-1118 following single doses of 200 mg and 300 mg. In another trial of healthy adults (N=6), 0.59% of the dose was recovered in urine as OP-1118 only following a single dose of 200 mg. Specific Populations Geriatric Patients In controlled trials of patients treated with fidaxomicin tablets 200 mg twice daily for 10 days, mean and median values of fidaxomicin and OP-1118 plasma concentrations within the T max window (1 to 5 hours) were approximately 2- to 4-fold higher in elderly patients (≥65 years of age) versus non-elderly patients (<65 years of age). Despite greater exposures in elderly patients, fidaxomicin and OP-1118 plasma concentrations remained in the ng/mL range [see Use in Specific Populations (8.5)]. Pediatric Patients Pediatric use information is approved for Cubist Pharmaceuticals LLC's DIFICID ® (fidaxomicin) tablets. However, due to Cubist Pharmaceuticals LLC's marketing exclusivity rights, this drug product is not labeled with that information. Male and Female Patients Plasma concentrations of fidaxomicin and OP-1118 within the T max window (1 to 5 hours) did not vary by gender in patients treated with fidaxomicin tablets 200 mg twice daily for 10 days from controlled trials. No dose adjustment is recommended based on gender. Patients with Renal Impairment In controlled trials of patients treated with fidaxomicin tablets 200 mg twice daily for 10 days, plasma concentrations of fidaxomicin and OP-1118 within the T max window (1 to 5 hours) did not vary by severity of renal impairment (based on creatinine clearance) between mild (51 to 79 mL/min), moderate (31 to 50 mL/min), and severe (≤ 30 mL/min) categories. No dose adjustment is recommended based on renal function. Patients with Hepatic Impairment The impact of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of fidaxomicin has not been evaluated. Because fidaxomicin and OP-1118 do not appear to undergo significant hepatic metabolism, elimination of fidaxomicin and OP-1118 is not expected to be significantly affected by hepatic impairment. Drug Interaction Studies In vivo studies were conducted to evaluate intestinal drug-drug interactions of fidaxomicin as a P-gp substrate, P-gp inhibitor, and inhibitor of major CYP enzymes expressed in the gastrointestinal tract (CYP3A4, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19). Table 5 summarizes the impact of a co-administered drug (P-gp inhibitor) on the pharmacokinetics of fidaxomicin [see Drug Interactions ( 7.1 )]. Table 5: Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Fidaxomicin and OP-1118 in the Presence of a Co-Administered Drug Parameter Cyclosporine 200 mg + Fidaxomicin 200 mg* (N=14) Fidaxomicin 200 mg Alone (N=14) Mean Ratio of Parameters With/Without Co- Administered Drug (90% CI † ) No Effect = 1.00 N Mean N Mean Fidaxomicin C max (ng/mL) 14 19.4 14 4.67 4.15 (3.23-5.32) AUC 0-∞ (ng-h/mL) 8 114 9 59.5 1.92 (1.39-2.64) OP-1118 C max (ng/mL) 14 100 14 10.6 9.51 (6.93-13.05) AUC 0-∞ (ng-h/mL) 12 438 10 106 4.11 (3.06-5.53) * Cyclosporine was administered 1 hour before fidaxomicin. † CI - confidence interval Fidaxomicin had no significant impact on the pharmacokinetics of the following co-administered drugs: digoxin (P-gp substrate), midazolam (CYP3A4 substrate), warfarin (CYP2C9 substrate), and omeprazole (CYP2C19 substrate). No dose adjustment is warranted when fidaxomicin is co-administered with substrates of P-gp or CYP enzymes.
12.4 Microbiology Mechanism of Action Fidaxomicin is a fermentation product obtained from the Actinomycete Dactylosporangium aurantiacum. Fidaxomicin is a macrolide antibacterial drug that inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerases. Fidaxomicin is bactericidal against C. difficile in vitro , and demonstrates a post-antibiotic effect vs. C. difficile of 6 to 10 hrs. Resistance Fidaxomicin demonstrates no in vitro cross-resistance with other classes of antibacterial drugs. In vitro studies indicate a low frequency of spontaneous resistance to fidaxomicin in C. difficile (ranging from <1.4 × 10 -9 to 12.8 × 10 -9 ). A specific mutation (Val-ll43-Gly) in the beta subunit of RNA polymerase is associated with reduced susceptibility to fidaxomicin. This mutation was created in the laboratory and seen during clinical trials in a C. difficile isolate obtained from an adult subject treated with fidaxomicin tablets who had recurrence of CDAD. The fidaxomicin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the C. difficil e isolate from this subject increased from a baseline of 0.06 mcg/mL to 16 mcg/mL at the time of CDAD recurrence. Interaction With Other Antimicrobials Fidaxomicin and its main metabolite OP-1118 do not exhibit any antagonistic interaction with other classes of antibacterial drugs. Synergistic interactions of fidaxomicin and OP-1118 have been observed in vitro with rifampin and rifaximin against C. difficile . Antimicrobial Activity Fidaxomicin has been shown to be active against most isolates of Clostridioides ( formerly Clostridium) difficile , both in vitro and in clinical infections [see Indications and Usage ( 1 )]. Susceptibility Testing For specific information regarding susceptibility test interpretive criteria, and associated test methods and quality control standards recognized by FDA for this drug, please see: https://www.fda.gov/STIC.
Mechanism of action
Fidaxomicin is an antibacterial drug [see Microbiology ( 12.4 )].
Pharmacodynamics
Fidaxomicin acts locally in the gastrointestinal tract on C. difficile. In a dose-ranging trial (N=48) of fidaxomicin using 50 mg, 100 mg, and 200 mg twice daily for 10 days, a dose-response relationship was observed for efficacy.
Pharmacokinetics
The pharmacokinetic parameters of fidaxomicin and its main metabolite OP-1118 following a single dose of 200 mg in healthy adult males (N=14) are summarized in Table 4. Table 4: Mean (± Standard Deviation) Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Fidaxomicin 200 mg in Healthy Adult Males Parameter Fidaxomicin OP- 1118 N Value N Value C max (ng/mL) 14 5.20 ± 2.81 14 12.0 ± 6.06 T max (h)* 14 2.00 (1.00-5.00) 14 1.02 (1.00-5.00) AUC 0-t (ng-h/mL) 14 48.3 ± 18.4 14 103 ± 39.4 AUC 0-∞ (ng-h/mL) 9 62.9 ± 19.5 10 118 ± 43.3 t 1/2 (h) 9 11.7 ± 4.80 10 11.2 ± 3.01 * T max , reported as median (range). C max , maximum observed concentration; T max , time to maximum observed concentration; AUC 0-t , area under the concentration-time curve from time 0 to the last measured concentration; AUC 0-∞, area under the concentration-time curve from time 0 to infinity; t 1/2 , elimination half-life Absorption Fidaxomicin has minimal systemic absorption following oral administration, with plasma concentrations of fidaxomicin and OP-1118 in the ng/mL range at the therapeutic dose. In fidaxomicin-treated patients from controlled trials, plasma concentrations of fidaxomicin and OP-1118 obtained within the T max window (1 to 5 hours) were approximately 2- to 6-fold higher than C max values in healthy adults. Following administration of fidaxomicin tablets 200 mg twice daily for 10 days, OP-1118 plasma concentrations within the T max window were approximately 50%-80% higher than on Day 1, while concentrations of fidaxomicin were similar on Days 1 and 10. In a food-effect study involving administration of fidaxomicin tablets to healthy adults (N=28) with a high-fat meal versus under fasting conditions, C max of fidaxomicin and OP-1118 decreased by 21.5% and 33.4%, respectively, while AUC 0-t remained unchanged. This decrease in C max is not considered clinically significant, and thus, fidaxomicin tablets may be administered with or without food. Distribution Fidaxomicin is mainly confined to the gastrointestinal tract following oral administration. In selected patients (N=8) treated with fidaxomicin tablets 200 mg twice daily for 10 days from controlled trials, fecal concentrations of fidaxomicin and OP-1118 obtained within 24 hours of the last dose ranged from 639 to 2,710 mcg /g and 213 to 1,210 mcg/g, respectively. In contrast, plasma concentrations of fidaxomicin and OP-1118 within the T max window (1 to 5 hours) ranged 2 to 179 ng/mL and 10 to 829 ng/mL, respectively. Elimination Metabolism Fidaxomicin is primarily transformed by hydrolysis at the isobutyryl ester to form its main and microbiologically active metabolite, OP-1118. Metabolism of fidaxomicin and formation of OP-1118 are not dependent on cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. At the therapeutic dose, OP-1118 was the predominant circulating compound in healthy adults, followed by fidaxomicin. Excretion Fidaxomicin is mainly excreted in feces. In one trial of healthy adults (N=11), more than 92% of the dose was recovered in the stool as fidaxomicin and OP-1118 following single doses of 200 mg and 300 mg. In another trial of healthy adults (N=6), 0.59% of the dose was recovered in urine as OP-1118 only following a single dose of 200 mg. Specific Populations Geriatric Patients In controlled trials of patients treated with fidaxomicin tablets 200 mg twice daily for 10 days, mean and median values of fidaxomicin and OP-1118 plasma concentrations within the T max window (1 to 5 hours) were approximately 2- to 4-fold higher in elderly patients (≥65 years of age) versus non-elderly patients (<65 years of age). Despite greater exposures in elderly patients, fidaxomicin and OP-1118 plasma concentrations remained in the ng/mL range [see Use in Specific Populations (8.5)]. Pediatric Patients Pediatric use information is approved for Cubist Pharmaceuticals LLC's DIFICID ® (fidaxomicin) tablets. However, due to Cubist Pharmaceuticals LLC's marketing exclusivity rights, this drug product is not labeled with that information. Male and Female Patients Plasma concentrations of fidaxomicin and OP-1118 within the T max window (1 to 5 hours) did not vary by gender in patients treated with fidaxomicin tablets 200 mg twice daily for 10 days from controlled trials. No dose adjustment is recommended based on gender. Patients with Renal Impairment In controlled trials of patients treated with fidaxomicin tablets 200 mg twice daily for 10 days, plasma concentrations of fidaxomicin and OP-1118 within the T max window (1 to 5 hours) did not vary by severity of renal impairment (based on creatinine clearance) between mild (51 to 79 mL/min), moderate (31 to 50 mL/min), and severe (≤ 30 mL/min) categories. No dose adjustment is recommended based on renal function. Patients with Hepatic Impairment The impact of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of fidaxomicin has not been evaluated. Because fidaxomicin and OP-1118 do not appear to undergo significant hepatic metabolism, elimination of fidaxomicin and OP-1118 is not expected to be significantly affected by hepatic impairment. Drug Interaction Studies In vivo studies were conducted to evaluate intestinal drug-drug interactions of fidaxomicin as a P-gp substrate, P-gp inhibitor, and inhibitor of major CYP enzymes expressed in the gastrointestinal tract (CYP3A4, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19). Table 5 summarizes the impact of a co-administered drug (P-gp inhibitor) on the pharmacokinetics of fidaxomicin [see Drug Interactions ( 7.1 )]. Table 5: Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Fidaxomicin and OP-1118 in the Presence of a Co-Administered Drug Parameter Cyclosporine 200 mg + Fidaxomicin 200 mg* (N=14) Fidaxomicin 200 mg Alone (N=14) Mean Ratio of Parameters With/Without Co- Administered Drug (90% CI † ) No Effect = 1.00 N Mean N Mean Fidaxomicin C max (ng/mL) 14 19.4 14 4.67 4.15 (3.23-5.32) AUC 0-∞ (ng-h/mL) 8 114 9 59.5 1.92 (1.39-2.64) OP-1118 C max (ng/mL) 14 100 14 10.6 9.51 (6.93-13.05) AUC 0-∞ (ng-h/mL) 12 438 10 106 4.11 (3.06-5.53) * Cyclosporine was administered 1 hour before fidaxomicin. † CI - confidence interval Fidaxomicin had no significant impact on the pharmacokinetics of the following co-administered drugs: digoxin (P-gp substrate), midazolam (CYP3A4 substrate), warfarin (CYP2C9 substrate), and omeprazole (CYP2C19 substrate). No dose adjustment is warranted when fidaxomicin is co-administered with substrates of P-gp or CYP enzymes.
Carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, fertility
, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility Long-term carcinogenicity studies have not been conducted to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of fidaxomicin. Neither fidaxomicin nor OP-1118 was mutagenic in the Ames assay. Fidaxomicin was also negative in the rat micronucleus assay. However, fidaxomicin was clastogenic in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Fidaxomicin did not affect the fertility of male and female rats at intravenous doses of 6.3 mg/kg. The exposure (AUC 0-t ) was approximately 100 times that in humans.
Information for patients
17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Patient Information). Administration with Food Inform patients and caregivers that fidaxomicin tablets may be taken with or without food. Antibacterial Resistance Patients should be counseled that antibacterial drugs, including fidaxomicin tablets, should only be used to treat bacterial infections. They do not treat viral infections (e.g., the common cold). When fidaxomicin tablets is prescribed to treat a C. difficile infection, patients should be told that, although it is common to feel better early in the course of therapy, the medication should be taken exactly as directed. Skipping doses or not completing the full course of therapy may (1) decrease the effectiveness of the immediate treatment and (2) increase the likelihood that bacteria will develop resistance and will not be treatable by fidaxomicin tablets or other antibacterial drugs in the future. Rx only APOTEX INC FIDAXOMICIN TABLETS 200 mg Manufactured by: Apotex Inc. Toronto, Ontario Canada M9L 1T9 Manufactured for: Apotex Corp. Weston, Florida 33326 Rev. 3