Sitagliptin Hydrochloride Oral

5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS

• Pancreatitis : There have been postmarketing reports of acute pancreatitis, including fatal and non-fatal hemorrhagic or necrotizing pancreatitis. If pancreatitis is suspected, promptly discontinue BRYNOVIN. ( 5.1 )
• Heart failure : Heart failure has been observed with two other members of the DPP-4 inhibitor class. Consider risks and benefits of BRYNOVIN in patients who have known risk factors for heart failure. Monitor patients for signs and symptoms. ( 5.2 )
• Acute Renal Failure : Has been reported postmarketing, sometimes requiring dialysis. Assessment of renal function is recommended prior to initiating BRYNOVIN and periodically thereafter. ( 5.3 )
• Hypoglycemia with Concomitant Use with Insulin or Insulin Secretagogues : Increased risk of hypoglycemia when used in combination with insulin or an insulin secretagogue. Lower dose of insulin or insulin secretagogue may be required. ( 5.4 )
• Hypersensitivity Reactions : There have been postmarketing reports of serious allergic and hypersensitivity reactions in patients treated with sitagliptin such as anaphylaxis, angioedema, and exfoliative skin conditions including Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Promptly stop BRYNOVIN, assess for other potential causes, institute appropriate monitoring and treatment. ( 5.5 )
• Severe and Disabling Arthralgia : Has been reported in patients taking DPP-4 inhibitors. Consider as a possible cause for severe joint pain and discontinue drug if appropriate. ( 5.6 )
• Bullous Pemphigoid : There have been postmarketing reports requiring hospitalization in patients taking DPP-4 inhibitors. Tell patients to report development of blisters or erosions. If bullous pemphigoid is suspected, discontinue BRYNOVIN. ( 5.7 )

5.1 Pancreatitis There have been postmarketing reports of acute pancreatitis, including fatal and non-fatal hemorrhagic or necrotizing pancreatitis, in patients taking sitagliptin. After initiation of BRYNOVIN, patients should be observed carefully for signs and symptoms of pancreatitis. If pancreatitis is suspected, BRYNOVIN should promptly be discontinued and appropriate management should be initiated. It is unknown whether patients with a history of pancreatitis are at increased risk for the development of pancreatitis while using BRYNOVIN.

5.2 Heart Failure An association between dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor treatment and heart failure has been observed in cardiovascular outcomes trials for two other members of the DPP-4 inhibitor class. These trials evaluated patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Consider the risks and benefits of BRYNOVIN prior to initiating treatment in patients at risk for heart failure, such as those with a prior history of heart failure and a history of renal impairment, and observe these patients for signs and symptoms of heart failure during therapy. Advise patients of the characteristic symptoms of heart failure and to immediately report such symptoms. If heart failure develops, evaluate and manage according to current standards of care and consider discontinuation of BRYNOVIN.

5.3 Acute Renal Failure There have been postmarketing reports of worsening renal function, including acute renal failure, sometimes requiring dialysis with sitagliptin. A subset of these reports involved patients with renal impairment, some of whom were prescribed inappropriate dosages of sitagliptin. A return to baseline levels of renal impairment has been observed with supportive treatment and discontinuation of potentially causative agents. Consideration can be given to cautiously reinitiating BRYNOVIN if another etiology is deemed likely to have precipitated the acute worsening of renal function. Assessment of renal function is recommended prior to initiating BRYNOVIN and periodically thereafter. A dosage adjustment is recommended in patients with moderate or severe renal impairment and in patients with ESRD requiring hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.2 ) and Use in Specific Populations ( 8.6 )].

5.4 Hypoglycemia with Concomitant Use with Insulin or Insulin Secretagogues When BRYNOVIN was used in combination with insulin or insulin secretagogues (e.g., sulfonylurea), medications known to cause hypoglycemia, the incidence of hypoglycemia was increased over that of placebo [see Adverse Reactions ( 6.1 )] . Therefore, a lower dosage of insulin or sulfonylurea may be required to reduce the risk of hypoglycemia when used in combination with BRYNOVIN. [see Drug Interactions ( 7.1 )] . Inform patients using these concomitant medications of the risk of hypoglycemia and educate them on the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia.

5.5 Hypersensitivity Reactions There have been postmarketing reports of serious hypersensitivity reactions in patients treated with sitagliptin. These reactions include anaphylaxis, angioedema, and exfoliative skin conditions including Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Onset of these reactions occurred within the first 3 months after initiation of treatment with sitagliptin, with some reports occurring after the first dose. If a hypersensitivity reaction is suspected, discontinue BRYNOVIN, assess for other potential causes for the event, and institute alternative treatment for diabetes. [see Adverse Reactions ( 6.2 )] . Angioedema has also been reported with other DPP-4 inhibitors. Use caution in a patient with a history of angioedema with another DPP-4 inhibitor because it is unknown whether such patients will be predisposed to angioedema with BRYNOVIN.

5.6 Severe and Disabling Arthralgia There have been postmarketing reports of severe and disabling arthralgia in patients taking DPP-4 inhibitors. The time to onset of symptoms following initiation of drug therapy varied from one day to years. Patients experienced relief of symptoms upon discontinuation of the medication. A subset of patients experienced a recurrence of symptoms when restarting the same drug or a different DPP-4 inhibitor. Consider DPP-4 inhibitors as a possible cause for severe joint pain and discontinue the drug if appropriate.

5.7 Bullous Pemphigoid Postmarketing cases of bullous pemphigoid requiring hospitalization have been reported with DPP- 4 inhibitor use. In reported cases, patients typically recovered with topical or systemic immunosuppressive treatment and discontinuation of the DPP-4 inhibitor. Tell patients to report development of blisters or erosions while receiving BRYNOVIN. If bullous pemphigoid is suspected, BRYNOVIN should be discontinued and referral to a dermatologist should be considered for diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

The following adverse reactions are also discussed elsewhere in the labeling:

• Pancreatitis [ see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 ) ]
• Heart Failure [ see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2 ) ]
• Acute Renal Failure [ see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3 ) ]
• Hypoglycemia with Concomitant Use with Insulin or Insulin Secretagogues [ see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4 ) ]
• Hypersensitivity Reactions [ see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.5 ) ]
• Severe and Disabling Arthralgia [ see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.6 ) ]
• Bullous Pemphigoid [ see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.7 ) ] Most common adverse reactions (incidence ≥5%) are: upper respiratory tract infection, nasopharyngitis and headache. In the add-on to sulfonylurea and add-on to insulin trials, hypoglycemia was also more commonly reported in patients treated with sitagliptin compared to placebo. ( 6.1 ) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Azurity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., at 1-800-461-7449 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.

6.1 Clinical Trials Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. The safety of BRYNOVIN has been established for glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus based in adequate and well-controlled trials of sitagliptin tablets, referenced below as “sitagliptin” [see Clinical Studies ( 14 )] . Common Adverse Reactions In controlled clinical trials as both monotherapy and combination therapy with metformin, pioglitazone, or rosiglitazone and metformin, the overall incidence of adverse reactions, hypoglycemia, and discontinuation of therapy due to clinical adverse reactions with sitagliptin were similar to placebo. In combination with glimepiride, with or without metformin, the overall incidence of clinical adverse reactions with sitagliptin was higher than with placebo, in part related to a higher incidence of hypoglycemia (see Table 3); the incidence of discontinuation due to clinical adverse reactions was similar to placebo. Two placebo-controlled monotherapy trials, one of 18- and one of 24-week duration, included patients treated with sitagliptin 100 mg daily, sitagliptin 200 mg daily, and placebo. Five placebo-controlled add-on combination therapy trials were also conducted: one with metformin; one with pioglitazone; one with metformin and rosiglitazone; one with glimepiride (with or without metformin); and one with insulin (with or without metformin). In these trials, patients with inadequate glycemic control on a stable dosage of the background therapy were randomized to add-on therapy with sitagliptin 100 mg daily or placebo. The adverse reactions, excluding hypoglycemia, in ≥5% of patients treated with sitagliptin 100 mg daily and more commonly than in patients treated with placebo, are shown in Table 1 for the clinical trials of at least 18 weeks duration. Incidences of hypoglycemia are shown in Table 3. Table 1:Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials of Sitagliptin Monotherapy or Add-on Combination Therapy with Pioglitazone, Metformin + Rosiglitazone, or Glimepiride +/- Metformin: Adverse Reactions (Excluding Hypoglycemia) Reported in ≥5% of Patients and More Commonly than in Patients Given Placebo* Number of Patients (%) Monotherapy (18 or 24 weeks) Sitagliptin 100 mg Placebo N = 443 N = 363 Nasopharyngitis 23 (5.2) 12 (3.3) Combination with Pioglitazone (24 weeks) Sitagliptin 100 mg + Pioglitazone Placebo + Pioglitazone N = 175 N = 178 Upper Respiratory Tract Infection 11 (6.3) 6 (3.4) Headache 9 (5.1) 7 (3.9) Combination with Metformin + Rosiglitazone (18 weeks) Sitagliptin 100 mg + Metformin + Rosiglitazone Placebo + Metformin + Rosiglitazone N = 181 N = 97 Upper Respiratory Tract Infection 10 (5.5) 5 (5.2) Nasopharyngitis 11 (6.1) 4 (4.1) Combination with Glimepiride (+/- Metformin) (24 weeks) Sitagliptin 100 mg + Glimepiride (+/- Metformin) Placebo + Glimepiride (+/- Metformin) N = 222 N = 219 Nasopharyngitis 14 (6.3) 10 (4.6) Headache 13 (5.9) 5 (2.3) * Intent-to-treat population In the 24-week trial of patients receiving sitagliptin as add-on combination therapy with metformin, there were no adverse reactions reported in patients and more commonly than in patients given placebo. In the 24-week trial of patients receiving sitagliptin as add-on therapy to insulin (with or without metformin), there were no adverse reactions reported in patients and more commonly than in patients given placebo, except for hypoglycemia (see Table 3). In the trial of sitagliptin as add-on combination therapy with metformin and rosiglitazone (Table 1), through Week 54 the adverse reactions in patients treated with sitagliptin and more commonly than in patients treated with placebo were: upper respiratory tract infection (sitagliptin, 15.5%; placebo, 6.2%), nasopharyngitis (11%, 9.3%), peripheral edema (8.3%, 5.2%), and headache (5.5%, 4.1%). In an additional, 24-week, placebo-controlled factorial trial of initial therapy with sitagliptin in combination with metformin, the adverse reactions reported in ≥5% of patients are shown in Table 2. Table 2:Initial Therapy with Combination of Sitagliptin and Metformin: Adverse Reactions Reported in ≥5% of Patients Receiving Combination Therapy (and Greater than in Patients Receiving Metformin alone, Sitagliptin alone, and Placebo)* Number of Patients (%) Placebo Sitagliptin 100 mg QD Metformin HCl 500 or 1,000 mg bid † Sitagliptin 50 mg bid + Metformin HCl 500 or 1,000 mg bid † N = 176 N = 179 N = 364 † N = 372 † Upper Respiratory Infection 9 (5.1) 8 (4.5) 19 (5.2) 23 (6.2) Headache 5 (2.8) 2 (1.1) 14 (3.8) 22 (5.9) * Intent-to-treat population. † Data pooled for the patients given the lower and higher dosages of metformin. In a 24-week trial of initial therapy with sitagliptin in combination with pioglitazone, there were no adverse reactions reported in ≥5% of patients and more commonly than in patients given pioglitazone alone. Other Adverse Reactions Hypoglycemia In the above trials (N=9), adverse reactions of hypoglycemia were based on all reports of symptomatic hypoglycemia. A concurrent blood glucose measurement was not required although most (74%) reports of hypoglycemia were accompanied by a blood glucose measurement ≤70 mg/dL. When sitagliptin was coadministered with a sulfonylurea or with insulin, the percentage of patients with at least one adverse reaction of hypoglycemia was higher than in the corresponding placebo group (Table 3). Table 3:Incidence and Rate of Hypoglycemia* in Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials when Sitagliptin was used as Add-On Therapy to Glimepiride (with or without Metformin) or Insulin (with or without Metformin) Add-On to Glimepiride (+/- Metformin) (24 weeks) Sitagliptin 100 mg + Glimepiride (+/- Metformin) Placebo + Glimepiride (+/- Metformin) N = 222 N = 219 Overall (%) 27 (12.2) 4 (1.8) Rate (episodes/patient-year) † 0.59 0.24 Severe (%) ‡ 0 (0) 0 (0) Add-On to Insulin (+/- Metformin) (24 weeks) Sitagliptin 100 mg + Insulin (+/- Metformin) Placebo + Insulin (+/- Metformin) N = 322 N = 319 Overall (%) 50 (15.5) 25 (7.8) Rate (episodes/patient-year)† 1.06 0.51 Severe (%)‡ 2 (0.6) 1 (0.3) * Adverse reactions of hypoglycemia were based on all reports of symptomatic hypoglycemia; a concurrent glucose measurement was not required; intent-to-treat population. † Based on total number of events (i.e., a single patient may have had multiple events). ‡ Severe events of hypoglycemia were defined as those events requiring medical assistance or exhibiting depressed level/loss of consciousness or seizure. In a pooled analysis of the two monotherapy trials, the add-on to metformin trial, and the add-on to pioglitazone trial, the overall incidence of adverse reactions of hypoglycemia was 1.2% in patients treated with sitagliptin 100 mg and 0.9% in patients treated with placebo. In the trial of sitagliptin as add-on combination therapy with metformin and rosiglitazone, the overall incidence of hypoglycemia was 2.2% in patients given add-on sitagliptin and 0% in patients given add-on placebo through Week 18. Through Week 54, the overall incidence of hypoglycemia was 3.9% in patients given add-on sitagliptin and 1% in patients given add-on placebo. In the 24-week, placebo-controlled factorial trial of initial therapy with sitagliptin in combination with metformin, the incidence of hypoglycemia was 0.6% in patients given placebo, 0.6% in patients given sitagliptin alone, 0.8% in patients given metformin alone, and 1.6% in patients given sitagliptin in combination with metformin. In the trial of sitagliptin as initial therapy with pioglitazone, one patient taking sitagliptin experienced a severe episode of hypoglycemia. There were no severe hypoglycemia episodes reported in other trials except in the trial involving coadministration with insulin. In an additional, 30-week placebo-controlled, trial of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled with metformin comparing the maintenance of sitagliptin 100 mg versus withdrawal of sitagliptin when initiating basal insulin therapy, the event rate and incidence of documented symptomatic hypoglycemia (blood glucose measurement ≤70 mg/dL) did not differ between the sitagliptin and placebo groups. Gastrointestinal Adverse Reactions In a pooled analysis of the two monotherapy trials, the add-on to metformin trial, and the add-on to pioglitazone trial, the incidence of selected gastrointestinal adverse reactions in patients treated with sitagliptin was as follows: abdominal pain (sitagliptin 100 mg, 2.3%; placebo, 2.1%), nausea (1.4%, 0.6%), and diarrhea (3%, 2.3%). Pancreatitis In a pooled analysis of 19 double-blind clinical trials that included data from 10,246 patients randomized to receive sitagliptin 100 mg/day (N=5,429) or corresponding (active or placebo) control (N=4,817), the incidence of acute pancreatitis was 0.1 per 100 patient-years in each group (4 patients with an event in 4,708 patient-years for sitagliptin and 4 patients with an event in 3,942 patient-years for control). Vital Sign and Electrocardiogram (ECG) Changes No clinically meaningful changes in vital signs or in ECG (including in QTc interval) were observed in patients treated with sitagliptin. Laboratory Tests Across clinical trials, the incidence of laboratory adverse reactions was similar in patients treated with sitagliptin 100 mg compared to patients treated with placebo. A small increase in white blood cell count (WBC) was observed due to an increase in neutrophils. This increase in WBC (of approximately 200 cells/microL vs placebo, in four pooled placebo-controlled clinical trials, with a mean baseline WBC count of approximately 6,600 cells/microL) is not considered to be clinically relevant. In a 12-week trial of 91 patients with chronic renal insufficiency, 37 patients with moderate renal insufficiency were randomized to sitagliptin 50 mg daily, while 14 patients with the same magnitude of renal impairment were randomized to placebo. Mean (SE) increases in serum creatinine were observed in patients treated with sitagliptin (0.12 mg/dL [0.04]) and in patients treated with placebo (0.07 mg/dL [0.07]). The clinical significance of this added increase in serum creatinine relative to placebo is not known.

6.2 Postmarketing Experience The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of sitagliptin as monotherapy and/or in combination with other antihyperglycemic agents. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is generally not possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. Hypersensitivity Reactions : anaphylaxis, angioedema, rash, urticaria, cutaneous vasculitis, bullous pemphigoid, and exfoliative skin conditions including Stevens-Johnson syndrome Hepatobiliary disorders : hepatic enzyme elevations Gastrointestinal disorders : acute pancreatitis, including fatal and non-fatal hemorrhagic and necrotizing pancreatitis, constipation; vomiting, mouth ulceration, and stomatitis Renal and urinary disorders : worsening renal function, including acute renal failure (sometimes requiring dialysis), and tubulointerstitial nephritis Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders : severe and disabling arthralgia; myalgia; pain in extremity; back pain; pruritus; rhabdomyolysis Nervous system disorders : headache

8.1 Pregnancy Risk Summary The limited available data with sitagliptin in pregnant women are not sufficient to inform a drug- associated risk for major birth defects and miscarriage. There are risks to the mother and fetus associated with poorly controlled diabetes in pregnancy [see Clinical Considerations] . No adverse developmental effects were observed when sitagliptin was administered to pregnant rats and rabbits during organogenesis at oral doses up to 30-times and 20-times, respectively, the 100 mg clinical dose, based on AUC [see Data]. The estimated background risk of major birth defects is 6-10% in women with pre-gestational diabetes with a hemoglobin A1C >7% and has been reported to be as high as 20-25% in women with a hemoglobin A1C >10%. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively. Clinical Considerations Disease-Associated Maternal and/or Embryo/Fetal Risk Poorly controlled diabetes in pregnancy increases the maternal risk for diabetic ketoacidosis, pre- eclampsia, spontaneous abortions, preterm delivery, and delivery complications. Poorly controlled diabetes increases the fetal risk for major birth defects, still birth, and macrosomia related morbidity. Data Animal Data In embryo-fetal development trials, sitagliptin administered to pregnant rats and rabbits during organogenesis (gestation day 6 to 20) did not adversely affect developmental outcomes at oral doses up to 250 mg/kg (30-times the 100 mg clinical dose) and 125 mg/kg (20-times the 100 mg clinical dose), respectively, based on AUC. Higher doses in rats associated with maternal toxicity increased the incidence of rib malformations in offspring at 1,000 mg/kg, or approximately 100-times the clinical dose, based on AUC. Placental transfer of sitagliptin was observed in pregnant rats and rabbits. Sitagliptin administered to female rats from gestation day 6 to lactation day 21 caused no functional or behavioral toxicity in offspring of rats at doses up to 1,000 mg/kg.

8.2 Lactation Risk Summary There is no information regarding the presence of sitagliptin in human milk, the effects on the breastfed infant, or the effects on milk production. Sitagliptin is present in rat milk and therefore possibly present in human milk [ see Data ]. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for sitagliptin and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from sitagliptin or from the underlying maternal condition. Data Sitagliptin is secreted in the milk of lactating rats at a milk to plasma ratio of 4:1.

8.4 Pediatric Use The safety and effectiveness of BRYNOVIN have not been established in pediatric patients. Three 20-week double-blind, placebo-controlled trials each with 34-week extensions were conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of sitagliptin in 410 pediatric patients aged 10 to 17 years with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus, with or without insulin therapy (HbA1C 6.5-10% for patients not on insulin, HbA1C 7-10% for patients on insulin). At trial entry, patients in trial 1 were not treated with oral antihyperglycemic agents; patients in trials 2 and 3 were on maximally tolerated metformin therapy. The primary efficacy endpoint was the change from baseline in HbA1C after 20 weeks of therapy. The pre-specified primary efficacy analyses included data from trial 1 and pooled data from trials 2 and 3, regardless of glycemic rescue or treatment discontinuation. In both efficacy analyses, the effect of treatment with sitagliptin was not significantly different from placebo. In trial 1, the mean baseline HbA1C was 7.5%, and 12% of patients were on insulin therapy. At week 20, the change from baseline in HbA1C in patients treated with sitagliptin (N=95) was 0.06% compared to 0.23% in patients treated with placebo (N=95), a difference of -0.17% (95% CI: -0.62, 0.28). In trials 2 and 3, the mean baseline HbA1C was 8%, 15% of patients were on insulin and 72% were on metformin HCl dosages of greater than 1,500 mg daily. At week 20, the change from baseline in HbA1C in patients treated with sitagliptin (N=107) was -0.23% compared to 0.09% in patients treated with placebo (N=113), a difference of -0.33% (95% CI: -0.70, 0.05).

8.5 Geriatric Use Of the total number of subjects (N=3,884) in pre-approval clinical safety and efficacy trials of sitagliptin, 725 patients were 65 years and over, while 61 patients were 75 years and over. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness have been observed between patients 65 years and over and younger patients. Because sitagliptin is substantially excreted by the kidney, and because aging can be associated with reduced renal function, renal function should be assessed more frequently in elderly patients [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.2 ), Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3 )] .

8.6 Renal Impairment Sitagliptin is excreted by the kidney, and sitagliptin exposure is increased in patients with renal impairment. Lower dosages are recommended in patients with eGFR less than 45 mL/min/1.73 m 2 (moderate and severe renal impairment, as well as in ESRD patients requiring dialysis). [See Dosage and Administration ( 2.2 ); Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )] .

12.1 Mechanism of Action Sitagliptin is a DPP-4 inhibitor, which is believed to exert its actions in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus by slowing the inactivation of incretin hormones. Concentrations of the active intact hormones are increased by sitagliptin, thereby increasing and prolonging the action of these hormones. Incretin hormones, including glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), are released by the intestine throughout the day, and levels are increased in response to a meal. These hormones are rapidly inactivated by the enzyme, DPP-4. The incretins are part of an endogenous system involved in the physiologic regulation of glucose homeostasis. When blood glucose concentrations are normal or elevated, GLP-1 and GIP increase insulin synthesis and release from pancreatic beta cells by intracellular signaling pathways involving cyclic AMP. GLP-1 also lowers glucagon secretion from pancreatic alpha cells, leading to reduced hepatic glucose production. By increasing and prolonging active incretin levels, sitagliptin increases insulin release and decreases glucagon levels in the circulation in a glucose-dependent manner. Sitagliptin demonstrates selectivity for DPP-4 and does not inhibit DPP-8 or DPP-9 activity in vitro at concentrations approximating those from therapeutic dosages.

12.2 Pharmacodynamics General In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, administration of sitagliptin led to inhibition of DPP-4 enzyme activity for a 24-hour period. After an oral glucose load or a meal, this DPP-4 inhibition resulted in a 2- to 3-fold increase in circulating levels of active GLP-1 and GIP, decreased glucagon concentrations, and increased responsiveness of insulin release to glucose, resulting in higher C-peptide and insulin concentrations. The rise in insulin with the decrease in glucagon was associated with lower fasting glucose concentrations and reduced glucose excursion following an oral glucose load or a meal. In trials with healthy subjects, sitagliptin did not lower blood glucose or cause hypoglycemia. Sitagliptin and Metformin HCl Coadministration In a two-day trial in healthy subjects, sitagliptin alone increased active GLP-1 concentrations, whereas metformin alone increased active and total GLP-1 concentrations to similar extents. Coadministration of sitagliptin and metformin had an additive effect on active GLP-1 concentrations. Sitagliptin, but not metformin, increased active GIP concentrations. It is unclear how these findings relate to changes in glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cardiac Electrophysiology In a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial, 79 healthy subjects were administered a single oral dose of sitagliptin 100 mg, sitagliptin 800 mg (8 times the recommended dose), and placebo. At the recommended dose of 100 mg, there was no effect on the QTc interval obtained at the peak plasma concentration, or at any other time during the trial. Following the 800 mg dose, the maximum increase in the placebo-corrected mean change in QTc from baseline was observed at 3 hours postdose and was 8 msec. This increase is not considered to be clinically significant. At the 800 mg dose, peak sitagliptin plasma concentrations were approximately 11 times higher than the peak concentrations following a 100-mg dose. In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus administered sitagliptin 100 mg (N=81) or sitagliptin 200 mg (N=63) daily, there were no meaningful changes in QTc interval based on ECG data obtained at the time of expected peak plasma concentration.

12.3 Pharmacokinetics The pharmacokinetics of sitagliptin have been extensively characterized in healthy subjects and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Following a single oral 100-mg dose to healthy volunteers, mean plasma AUC of sitagliptin was 8.52 µM

• hr, C max was 950 nM, and apparent terminal half-life (t 1/2 ) was 12.4 hours. Plasma AUC of sitagliptin increased in a dose-proportional manner and increased approximately 14% following 100 mg doses at steady-state compared to the first dose. The intra-subject and inter-subject coefficients of variation for sitagliptin AUC were small (5.8% and 15.1%). The pharmacokinetics of sitagliptin was generally similar in healthy subjects and in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Absorption After oral administration of a 100 mg dose to healthy subjects, sitagliptin was rapidly absorbed with peak plasma concentrations (median T max ) occurring 1 to 4 hours post dose. The absolute bioavailability of sitagliptin is approximately 87%. Effect of Food Administration of 100 mg sitagliptin oral solution with a high-fat meal resulted in similar AUC, ~28.8% decrease in C max and 2.5 hour delay in T max when compared to the fasted state (T max = 1.5 hour). The difference in C max and T max is not considered clinically meaningful. Distribution The mean volume of distribution at steady state following a single 100-mg intravenous dose of sitagliptin to healthy subjects is approximately 198 liters. The fraction of sitagliptin reversibly bound to plasma proteins is low (38%). Elimination Approximately 79% of sitagliptin is excreted unchanged in the urine with metabolism being a minor pathway of elimination. The apparent terminal t 1/2 following a 100 mg oral dose of sitagliptin was approximately 12.4 hours and renal clearance was approximately 350 mL/min. Metabolism Following a [ 14 C]sitagliptin oral dose, approximately 16% of the radioactivity was excreted as metabolites of sitagliptin. Six metabolites were detected at trace levels and are not expected to contribute to the plasma DPP-4 inhibitory activity of sitagliptin. In vitro trials indicated that the primary enzyme responsible for the limited metabolism of sitagliptin was CYP3A4, with contribution from CYP2C8. Excretion Following administration of an oral [ 14 C]sitagliptin dose to healthy subjects, approximately 100% of the administered radioactivity was eliminated in feces (13%) or urine (87%) within one week of dosing. Elimination of sitagliptin occurs primarily via renal excretion and involves active tubular secretion. Sitagliptin is a substrate for human organic anion transporter-3 (hOAT-3), which may be involved in the renal elimination of sitagliptin. The clinical relevance of hOAT-3 in sitagliptin transport has not been established. Sitagliptin is also a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), which may also be involved in mediating the renal elimination of sitagliptin. However, cyclosporine, a P-gp inhibitor, did not reduce the renal clearance of sitagliptin. Specific Populations Patients with Renal Impairment An approximately 2-fold increase in the plasma AUC of sitagliptin was observed in patients with moderate renal impairment with eGFR of 30 to less than 45 mL/min/1.73 m 2 , and an approximately 4-fold increase was observed in patients with severe renal impairment, including patients with ESRD on hemodialysis, as compared to normal healthy control subjects. Patients with Hepatic Impairment In patients with moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score 7 to 9), mean AUC and C max of sitagliptin increased approximately 21% and 13%, respectively, compared to healthy matched controls following administration of a single 100-mg dose of sitagliptin. These differences are not considered to be clinically meaningful. There is no clinical experience in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score >9). Effects of Age, Body Mass Index (BMI), Gender, and Race Based on a population pharmacokinetic analysis or a composite analysis of available pharmacokinetic data, BMI, gender, and race do not have a clinically meaningful effect on the pharmacokinetics of sitagliptin. When the effects of age on renal function are taken into account, age alone did not have a clinically meaningful impact on the pharmacokinetics of sitagliptin based on a population pharmacokinetic analysis. Elderly subjects (65 to 80 years) had approximately 19% higher plasma concentrations of sitagliptin compared to younger subjects. Drug Interaction Studies In Vitro Assessment of Drug Interactions Sitagliptin is not an inhibitor of CYP isozymes CYP3A4, 2C8, 2C9, 2D6, 1A2, 2C19 or 2B6, and is not an inducer of CYP3A4. Sitagliptin is a P-gp substrate, but does not inhibit P-gp mediated transport of digoxin. Based on these results, sitagliptin is considered unlikely to cause interactions with other drugs that utilize these pathways. Sitagliptin is not extensively bound to plasma proteins. Therefore, the propensity of sitagliptin to be involved in clinically meaningful drug-drug interactions mediated by plasma protein binding displacement is very low. In Vivo Assessment of Drug Interactions Effects of Sitagliptin on Other Drugs In clinical trials, sitagliptin did not meaningfully alter the pharmacokinetics of metformin, glyburide, simvastatin, rosiglitazone, digoxin, warfarin, or an oral contraceptive (ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone) (Table 4), providing in vivo evidence of a low propensity for causing drug interactions with substrates of CYP3A4, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, P-gp, and organic cationic transporter (OCT). Table 4:Effect of Sitagliptin on Systemic Exposure of Coadministered Drugs Coadministered Drug Dose of Coadministered Drug* Dose of Sitagliptin* Geometric Mean Ratio (ratio with/without sitagliptin) No Effect = 1.00 AUC † C max Digoxin 0.25 mg ‡ once daily for 10 days 100 mg ‡ once daily for 10 days Digoxin 1.11§ 1.18 Glyburide 1.25 mg 200 mg ‡ once daily for 6 days Glyburide 1.09 1.01 Simvastatin 20 mg 200 mg ‡ once daily for 5 days Simvastatin 0.85 ¶ 0.80 Simvastatin Acid 1.12 ¶ 1.06 Rosiglitazone 4 mg 200 mg ‡ once daily for 5 days Rosiglitazone 0.98 0.99 Warfarin 30 mg single dose on day 5 200 mg ‡ once daily for 11 days S(-) Warfarin 0.95 0.89 R(+) Warfarin 0.99 0.89 Ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone 21 days once daily of 35 µg ethinyl estradiol with norethindrone 0.5 mg x 7 days, 0.75 mg x 7 days, 1.0 mg x 7 days 200 mg ‡ once daily for 21 days Ethinyl estradiol 0.99 0.97 Norethindrone 1.03 0.98 Metformin HCl 1,000 mg ‡ twice daily for 14 days 50 mg ‡ twice daily for 7 days Metformin 1.02 # 0.97 * All doses administered as single dose unless otherwise specified. † AUC is reported as AUC 0-∞ unless otherwise specified. ‡ Multiple dose. § AUC 0-24hr. ¶ AUC 0-last. # AUC 0-12hr. Effects of Other Drugs on Sitagliptin Clinical data described below suggest that sitagliptin is not susceptible to clinically meaningful interactions by coadministered medications (Table 5). Table 5:Effect of Coadministered Drugs on Systemic Exposure of Sitagliptin Coadministered Drug Dose of Coadministered Drug* Dose of Sitagliptin* Geometric Mean Ratio (ratio with/without coadministered drug) No Effect = 1.00 AUC † C max Cyclosporine 600 mg once daily 100 mg once daily Sitagliptin 1.29 1.68 Metformin HCl 1,000 mg ‡ twice daily for 14 days 50 mg ‡ twice daily for 7 days Sitagliptin 1.02§ 1.05 * All doses administered as single dose unless otherwise specified. † AUC is reported as AUC 0-∞ unless otherwise specified. ‡ Multiple dose. § AUC 0-12hr.

The pharmacokinetics of sitagliptin have been extensively characterized in healthy subjects and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Following a single oral 100-mg dose to healthy volunteers, mean plasma AUC of sitagliptin was 8.52 µM

• hr, C max was 950 nM, and apparent terminal half-life (t 1/2 ) was 12.4 hours. Plasma AUC of sitagliptin increased in a dose-proportional manner and increased approximately 14% following 100 mg doses at steady-state compared to the first dose. The intra-subject and inter-subject coefficients of variation for sitagliptin AUC were small (5.8% and 15.1%). The pharmacokinetics of sitagliptin was generally similar in healthy subjects and in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Absorption After oral administration of a 100 mg dose to healthy subjects, sitagliptin was rapidly absorbed with peak plasma concentrations (median T max ) occurring 1 to 4 hours post dose. The absolute bioavailability of sitagliptin is approximately 87%. Effect of Food Administration of 100 mg sitagliptin oral solution with a high-fat meal resulted in similar AUC, ~28.8% decrease in C max and 2.5 hour delay in T max when compared to the fasted state (T max = 1.5 hour). The difference in C max and T max is not considered clinically meaningful. Distribution The mean volume of distribution at steady state following a single 100-mg intravenous dose of sitagliptin to healthy subjects is approximately 198 liters. The fraction of sitagliptin reversibly bound to plasma proteins is low (38%). Elimination Approximately 79% of sitagliptin is excreted unchanged in the urine with metabolism being a minor pathway of elimination. The apparent terminal t 1/2 following a 100 mg oral dose of sitagliptin was approximately 12.4 hours and renal clearance was approximately 350 mL/min. Metabolism Following a [ 14 C]sitagliptin oral dose, approximately 16% of the radioactivity was excreted as metabolites of sitagliptin. Six metabolites were detected at trace levels and are not expected to contribute to the plasma DPP-4 inhibitory activity of sitagliptin. In vitro trials indicated that the primary enzyme responsible for the limited metabolism of sitagliptin was CYP3A4, with contribution from CYP2C8. Excretion Following administration of an oral [ 14 C]sitagliptin dose to healthy subjects, approximately 100% of the administered radioactivity was eliminated in feces (13%) or urine (87%) within one week of dosing. Elimination of sitagliptin occurs primarily via renal excretion and involves active tubular secretion. Sitagliptin is a substrate for human organic anion transporter-3 (hOAT-3), which may be involved in the renal elimination of sitagliptin. The clinical relevance of hOAT-3 in sitagliptin transport has not been established. Sitagliptin is also a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), which may also be involved in mediating the renal elimination of sitagliptin. However, cyclosporine, a P-gp inhibitor, did not reduce the renal clearance of sitagliptin. Specific Populations Patients with Renal Impairment An approximately 2-fold increase in the plasma AUC of sitagliptin was observed in patients with moderate renal impairment with eGFR of 30 to less than 45 mL/min/1.73 m 2 , and an approximately 4-fold increase was observed in patients with severe renal impairment, including patients with ESRD on hemodialysis, as compared to normal healthy control subjects. Patients with Hepatic Impairment In patients with moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score 7 to 9), mean AUC and C max of sitagliptin increased approximately 21% and 13%, respectively, compared to healthy matched controls following administration of a single 100-mg dose of sitagliptin. These differences are not considered to be clinically meaningful. There is no clinical experience in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score >9). Effects of Age, Body Mass Index (BMI), Gender, and Race Based on a population pharmacokinetic analysis or a composite analysis of available pharmacokinetic data, BMI, gender, and race do not have a clinically meaningful effect on the pharmacokinetics of sitagliptin. When the effects of age on renal function are taken into account, age alone did not have a clinically meaningful impact on the pharmacokinetics of sitagliptin based on a population pharmacokinetic analysis. Elderly subjects (65 to 80 years) had approximately 19% higher plasma concentrations of sitagliptin compared to younger subjects. Drug Interaction Studies In Vitro Assessment of Drug Interactions Sitagliptin is not an inhibitor of CYP isozymes CYP3A4, 2C8, 2C9, 2D6, 1A2, 2C19 or 2B6, and is not an inducer of CYP3A4. Sitagliptin is a P-gp substrate, but does not inhibit P-gp mediated transport of digoxin. Based on these results, sitagliptin is considered unlikely to cause interactions with other drugs that utilize these pathways. Sitagliptin is not extensively bound to plasma proteins. Therefore, the propensity of sitagliptin to be involved in clinically meaningful drug-drug interactions mediated by plasma protein binding displacement is very low. In Vivo Assessment of Drug Interactions Effects of Sitagliptin on Other Drugs In clinical trials, sitagliptin did not meaningfully alter the pharmacokinetics of metformin, glyburide, simvastatin, rosiglitazone, digoxin, warfarin, or an oral contraceptive (ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone) (Table 4), providing in vivo evidence of a low propensity for causing drug interactions with substrates of CYP3A4, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, P-gp, and organic cationic transporter (OCT). Table 4:Effect of Sitagliptin on Systemic Exposure of Coadministered Drugs Coadministered Drug Dose of Coadministered Drug* Dose of Sitagliptin* Geometric Mean Ratio (ratio with/without sitagliptin) No Effect = 1.00 AUC † C max Digoxin 0.25 mg ‡ once daily for 10 days 100 mg ‡ once daily for 10 days Digoxin 1.11§ 1.18 Glyburide 1.25 mg 200 mg ‡ once daily for 6 days Glyburide 1.09 1.01 Simvastatin 20 mg 200 mg ‡ once daily for 5 days Simvastatin 0.85 ¶ 0.80 Simvastatin Acid 1.12 ¶ 1.06 Rosiglitazone 4 mg 200 mg ‡ once daily for 5 days Rosiglitazone 0.98 0.99 Warfarin 30 mg single dose on day 5 200 mg ‡ once daily for 11 days S(-) Warfarin 0.95 0.89 R(+) Warfarin 0.99 0.89 Ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone 21 days once daily of 35 µg ethinyl estradiol with norethindrone 0.5 mg x 7 days, 0.75 mg x 7 days, 1.0 mg x 7 days 200 mg ‡ once daily for 21 days Ethinyl estradiol 0.99 0.97 Norethindrone 1.03 0.98 Metformin HCl 1,000 mg ‡ twice daily for 14 days 50 mg ‡ twice daily for 7 days Metformin 1.02 # 0.97 * All doses administered as single dose unless otherwise specified. † AUC is reported as AUC 0-∞ unless otherwise specified. ‡ Multiple dose. § AUC 0-24hr. ¶ AUC 0-last. # AUC 0-12hr. Effects of Other Drugs on Sitagliptin Clinical data described below suggest that sitagliptin is not susceptible to clinically meaningful interactions by coadministered medications (Table 5). Table 5:Effect of Coadministered Drugs on Systemic Exposure of Sitagliptin Coadministered Drug Dose of Coadministered Drug* Dose of Sitagliptin* Geometric Mean Ratio (ratio with/without coadministered drug) No Effect = 1.00 AUC † C max Cyclosporine 600 mg once daily 100 mg once daily Sitagliptin 1.29 1.68 Metformin HCl 1,000 mg ‡ twice daily for 14 days 50 mg ‡ twice daily for 7 days Sitagliptin 1.02§ 1.05 * All doses administered as single dose unless otherwise specified. † AUC is reported as AUC 0-∞ unless otherwise specified. ‡ Multiple dose. § AUC 0-12hr.